Tuesday, August 28, 2007
A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. As long as most memory accesses are to cached memory locations, the average latency of memory accesses will be closer to the cache latency than to the latency of main memory.
The diagram to the right shows two memories. Each location in each memory has a datum (a cache line), which in different designs ranges in size from 8 to 512 bytes. The size of the cache line is usually larger than the size of the usual access requested by a CPU instruction, which ranges from 1 to 16 bytes. Each location in each memory also has an index, which is a unique number used to refer to that location. The index for a location in main memory is called an address. Each location in the cache has a tag, which contains the index of the datum in main memory which has been cached. In a CPU's data cache, these entries are called cache lines or cache blocks.
When the processor wishes to read or write a location in main memory, it first checks whether that memory location is in the cache. This is accomplished by comparing the address of the memory location to all tags in the cache that might contain that address. If the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache, we say that a cache hit has occurred, otherwise we speak of a cache miss. In the case of a cache hit, the processor immediately reads or writes the data in the cache line. The proportion of accesses that result in a cache hit is known as the hit rate, and is a measure of the effectiveness of the cache.
In the case of a cache miss, most caches allocate a new entry, which comprises the tag just missed and a copy of the data from memory. The reference can then be applied to the new entry just as in the case of a hit. Misses are comparatively slow because they require the data to be transferred from main memory. This transfer incurs a delay since main memory is much slower than cache memory, and also incurs the overhead for recording the new data in the cache before it is delivered to the processor.
Processor with instructions that operate on different data types stored in the same single logical register file
A processor with instructions to operate on different data types stored in a single logical register file. According to one aspect of the invention, a first set of instructions of a first instruction type operates on the contents of what at least logically appears to software as a single logical register file. The first set of instructions appears to access the single logical register file as a flat register file. In addition, a first instruction of a second instruction type operates on the logical register file. However, the first instruction appears to access the logical register file as a stack referenced register file. Furthermore, sometime between starting the execution of the first set of instructions and completing the execution of the first instruction, all tags in a set of tags indicating whether corresponding registers in the single logical register file are empty or non-empty are caused to indicate non-empty states.
Integrated data processing system having CPU core and parallel independently operating DSP module utilizing successive approximation analog to digital and PWM for parallel disconnect
An integrated data processing system includes a shared internal bus for transferring both instructions and data. A shared bus interface unit is connected to the shared internal bus and connectable via a shared external bus to a shared external memory array such that instructions and data held in the shared external memory array are transferrable to the shared internal bus via the shared bus interface unit. A general purpose (GP) central processing unit (CPU) is connected to the shared internal bus for retrieving GP instructions. The GP CPU includes an execution unit for executing GP instructions to process data retrieved by the GP CPU from the shared internal bus. A digital signal processor (DSP) module connected to the shared internal bus, the DSP module includes a signal processor for processing an externally-provided digital signal received by the DSP module by executing DSP command-list instructions. Execution of DSP command-list code instructions by the DSP module is independent of and in parallel with execution of GP instructions by the GP CPU. A shared internal memory that holds command-list code instructions and is connected for access by the DSP module for retrieval of command-list code instructions for execution by the DSP module and for access by the GP CPU for storage and retrieval of instructions and data.
Tuesday, August 7, 2007
Network topology
is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN will have one or more links to one or more other nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes onto a graph results in a geometrical shape that determines the physical topology of the network. Likewise, the mapping of the flow of data between the nodes in the network determines the logical topology of the network. It is important to note that the physical and logical topologies might be identical in any particular network but they also may be different. Any particular network topology is determined only by the graphical mapping of the configuration of physical and/or logical connections between nodes - Network Topology is, therefore, technically a part of graph theory. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ in two networks and yet their topologies may be identical.
UTP
Cabling This type of cable is very cheap to purchase and is flexible and easy to install. It is also used by other networking systems than Ethernet and may for instance be used to provide telephone lines to offices. The common of UTP cabling for many purpose eases installation and management of the cabling. Some types of twisted pair cables can be used for communications up to 10 Gbps.
Maximum Distance
Maximum cable lengh for ethernet depends on what kind of ethernet you are talking about! Here are some details on the most popular kinds of ethernet. (UTP = unshieldedt wisted fair)
Gigabit Ethernet (over copper), 1000baseT Speed: 1000 Mbps Max Len: 100 Meters Cable: UTP, RJ-45 connectors Fast Ethernet, 100baseT Speed: 100 Mbps Max Len: 100 Meters Cable: UTP, RJ-45 connectors Twisted Pair Ethernet, 10baseT Speed: 10 Mbps Max Len: 100 Meters Cable: UTP, RJ-45 connectors Thin Ethernet , 10 base 2 Speed: 10 Mbps Max Len: 185 Meters Cable: RG-58 type coax, 50 ohm impedance Thick Ethernet, 10 base 5 Speed: 10 Mbps Max Len: 500 Meters Cable: RG-58 type coax, 50 ohm impedance
<>> Cost-Effective, Carrier-Grade STPs >> Exceptional Flexibility - TDM, ATM and IP-Based SS7 Links >> Support Latest SIGTRAN Protocols >> Robust High Availability Platforms >> Network-Proven Solutions Traditionally, the costs associated with ownership and maintenance of a pair of STP nodes has been prohibitively expensive for all but the larger wireline and wireless service providers. Performance Technologies’ family of cost-effective, carrier-class SEGway™ STPs paves the way for service providers to finally take charge of their SS7 network and gain a competitive advantage as they look to grow their network and roll out new value-add services. SEGway STPs support any-to-any connectivity, (SS7, IP-SIGTRAN, ATM) for maximum flexibility. This flexibility protects a service provider’s investment by connecting existing and future nodes and applications to meet evolving telecommunication infrastructure requirements. SEGway systems are well-suited for deployment in both existing TDM and IP-based networks. Today’s networks are expanding exponentially to address the increase in traffic due to mobile services, network convergence, and new applications and SEGway solutions are built to scale to meet these needs. Our flexible approach to feature activation and capacity expansion ensures that SEGway products can easily adapt to the demands of the market without costly deployment of additional platforms.
Maximum Speed of STP
12 Mbps 1.5 Mbps Cable STP UTP Max. Cable length 5 meter 3 meter Connector A-Series or B-Series Max. amount of HUBs 5 Max. amount of units 127
Firewire
As shown in the diagram at the left, the standard Firewire cable actually consists of six wires. Data is sent via two separately-shielded twisted pair transmission lines. The two twisted pairs are crossed in each cable assembly to create a transmit-receive connection. Two more wires carry power (8 to 40 v, 1.5 a max.) to remote devices. Currently, these power lines are rarely used. The wires terminate in gameboy-style plugs, also shown at the left. Sony uses a 4 conductor cable for the connection to the DV camcorders and DVCRs. They are like the above mentioned setup, but without the power wires. They terminate in smaller, 4prong connectors. To connect a Sony DV camcorder or DVCR with a standard IEE1394 Firewire device or interface card, you need an adapter cable, 4prong on one side, 6 on the other. It simply connects the data lines while omitting the power connection. According to the standard, the IEEE 1394 "wire" is good for 400 Megabits per second over 4.5 meters. The standard cable uses 28 AWG signal pairs with 40 twist/meter. The power pair in the standard cable is 22 AWG. Longer cable runs can be achieved by using thicker cable or by lowering the bit rate. DV users, keep in mind that the signaling rate of the Sony DV camcorders is only 100 Megabit per second. Can it use longer cables? The answer is: Yes. Although way outside of the spec, several people have reported successful 100 Mbit/sec transmissions over more than 20 meters using standard cable. There are also reports of thicker cables being used to span lengths of 30 meters or more at 100 Megabit per second. If you are the adventurous type, you can try using unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Don't notify the FCC before doing this, and if your neighbors complain about strange stuff on their TV sets, stop the experiment. We even have received reports about someone who was running 100 Mb/s 1394 over 50 meters of Cat-5 UTP! According to lore, he ran isochronous video for several days without a single frame dropped due to errors.
FireWire Advantages
FireWire provides many advantages over other peripheral interconnection technologies. The cables are as simple to connect as a telephone cord--there is no need for screws or latches. And, unlike SCSI technology, FireWire is autoconfiguring--so it eliminates SCSI device ID conflicts and the need for terminators. FireWire is also a hot plug-and-play technology, which means that a device can be disconnected and then reconnected without the need to restart the computer. FireWire is fast--it can transfer digital data at 200 megabits per second, with a planned increase to 400 megabits per second and beyond. And, the FireWire technology supports expansion--up to 63 devices can be attached on the same FireWire bus. Finally, FireWire includes support for isochronous data transfer, which provides guaranteed bandwidth for real-time video and audio streams. Real-time data transfer for multimedia applications 100, 200, & 400Mbits/s data rates today; 800 Mbits/s and multi-Gbits/s upgrade path Live connection/disconnection without data loss or interruption Automatic configuration supporting "plug and play" Free form network tool allowing mixing branches and daisy-chains No separate line terminators required Guaranteed bandwidth assignments for real-time applications Common connectors for different devices and applications One of the most important uses of FireWire as the digital interface for consumer electronics and AV peripherals. FireWire is a peer-to-peer interface. This allows dubbing from one camcorder to another without a computer. It also allows multiple computers to share a given peripheral without any special support in the peripheral or the computers.
Optical Cable
Corporation is a leading manufacturer of fiber optic cables primarily sold into the enterprise market, and the premier manufacturer of military land tactical fiber optic cable for the U.S. military. Founded in 1983, Optical Cable Corporation pioneered the design and production of fiber optic cables for the most demanding military field applications, as well as fiber optic cables suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. The Company's current broad product offering is built on the evolution of these fundamental technologies, and is designed to provide end-users with fiber optic cables that are easy and economical to install, provide a high degree of reliability and offer outstanding performance characteristics. Optical Cable Corporation sells its products worldwide for uses ranging from commercial and campus installations to customized products for specialty applications and harsh environments, including military applications. The Company manufactures its high quality fiber optic cables at its ISO 9001:2000 registered facility located in Roanoke, Virginia.
Costs
Optical Cable BX04080DWLSA900O BX04-080D-WLSA-900-OFNR-04LC Item# BX04080DWLSA900O Regular Price: $420.95 Sale Cost: $396.
ROANOKE, Va., June 12 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Optical Cable Corporation (Nasdaq: OCCF) today announced financial results for its fiscal second quarter and the six months ended April 30, 2007. Second Quarter 2007 Financial Results Optical Cable reported net income of $65,000, or $0.01 per basic and diluted share for its second quarter ended April 30, 2007, as compared to a net loss of $309,000, or $0.05 per basic and diluted share for the same period last year. Net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 decreased 0.9% to $11.1 million, compared to net sales of $11.2 million for the comparable period last year. However, net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 sequentially increased 20.0% compared to net sales of $9.3 million during the first quarter of fiscal 2007. Optical Cable's gross profit margin improved during the second quarter of fiscal 2007 compared to the same period last year. Gross profit margin for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 increased to 34.1%, compared to 30.3% for the second quarter of fiscal 2006. Also during the second quarter of fiscal year 2007, Optical Cable's manufacturing lead times decreased and its manufacturing efficiencies increased compared to the second quarter of 2006. These improvements are in part the result of Optical Cable's successful implementation of the major portions of its new enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system by the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2007. Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A expenses") for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 decreased 5.0% to $3.7 million compared to $3.9 million for the same period last year. Contributing to the net decrease in SG&A expenses for the second quarter were decreases in employee compensation costs.
Color Coding UTP
Use quality grade UTP Category 5/5e/6 networking cable, don't skimp on this. Shielded cable works also, but isn't necessary. Bulk cable comes in many types, there are 2 basic categories, solid and braided cable. Braided cable tends to work better in "patch" applications for desktop use. It is more flexible and resiliant than solid cable and easier to work with, but really meant for shorter lengths. Solid cable is meant for longer runs in a fixed position. Plenum rated cable should/must be used whenever the cable travels through an air circulation space. For example, above a false celing or below a raised floor. There are 8 color coded wires. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs of wires, each pair has a common color theme. One wire in the pair being a solid or primarily solid colored wire and the other being a primarily white wire with a colored stripe (Sometimes cheap cable doesnt have any color on the striped cable, the only way to tell is to check which other wire it is twisted around). Examples of the naming schemes used are: Orange (alternatively Orange/White) for the solid colored wire and White/Orange for the striped cable. The twists are extremely important. They are there to counteract noise and interference. It is important to wire according to a standard to get proper performance from the cable. The hardware expects the cable to have certain properties, a cable that does not fall within tolerance will cause errors and or failures. Besides, this maintains all your cables to the standards and makes it easy to find errors and cross-over cables. The standard for generic LAN telecommunications cabling is known as the TIA/EIA-568-A standard. It is chartered to include criteria for planning, installation, and performance metrics that will support a multivendor environment defining next-generation cabling such as Category 5E and Category 6, provide performance specifications for hybrid and bundled cables such as SpeedPull, and further define fiber usage including connectors, distances and 50 micron wavelengths. This standard also specifies two wiring standards for a 8-position modular connector (RJ45) that is used in UTP ethernet networks. The two wiring standards, T568A and T568B
Standard, Straight-Through Wiring (both ends are the same):568A RJ45 Pin # Wire Color Wire Diagram Signal* 1 White/Green Transmit+ 2 Green Transmit- 3 White/Orange
Receive+Cross-Over Cable: RJ45 Pin # (END 1) Wire Color Diagram End #1 1 White/Orange 2 Orange 3 White/Green 4 Blue 5 White/Blue 6 Green 7 White/Brown 8 Brown RJ45 Pin # (END 2) Wire Color Diagram End #2 1 White/Green 2 Green 3 White/Orange 4 Blue 5 White/Blue 6 Orange 7 White/Brown 8 Brown 4 Blue
Unused 5 White/Blue Unused 6 Orange Receive- 7 White/Brown Unused 8 Brown Unused
Procedure/steps of p'cs
Uninstall Existing Audio Software It's essential to wipe out every trace of your PC's existing sound software first. Go to Start, Settings, Control Panel, and choose Add/Remove Programs. Highlight the entry for the existing sound card software (if any) and click Add/Remove. Most sound card software will uninstall all files, drivers, and applications that relate to the sound card, but you might need to uninstall several different software components from the Add/Remove Programs list. If you can't find anything that relates to the sound card in the Add/Remove Programs list, check for uninstall options in the sound card software. 2. Change the Sound Card If your PC has its sound support built into the motherboard, you'll need to disable that sound support before you can install your new card. This is usually done through your PC's setup program or by setting a jumper on the motherboard. (Procedures vary; see your manual.) Power down your PC, unplug it from the wall, and remove the cover. Don an antistatic wrist strap and clip it to a grounded metal surface. Make sure you disconnect all cables connected to the sound card, both internal and external. (Keep track of which cable goes where.) Remove the screw holding the sound card, and remove the card. Locate a free PCI slot, carefully insert the new sound card, and fasten it down with a screw. 3. Hook Up the Equipment Now's the time to hook up the internal and external cables and peripherals to your new card. Shown here are typical connections for the Sound Blaster Live Platinum 5.1 card we installed. Other cards vary. Of course, your connections may be simple, such as just a speaker and microphone. Internal audio inputs are interchangeable; the TAD input, for example, can take sound from your TV tuner card.
Wi Fi
Short for wireless fidelity and is meant to be used generically when referring of any type of 802.11 network, whether 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, etc. The term is promulgated by the Wi-Fi Alliance. Any products tested and approved as "Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-Fi Alliance are certified as interoperable with each other, even if they are from different manufacturers. A user with a "Wi-Fi Certified" product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of client hardware that also is certified. Typically, however, any Wi-Fi product using the same radio frequency (for example, 2.4GHz for 802.11b or 11g, 5GHz for 802.11a) will work with any other, even if not "Wi-Fi Certified." Formerly, the term "Wi-Fi" was used only in place of the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, in the same way that "Ethernet" is used in place of IEEE 802.3. The Alliance expanded the generic use of the term in an attempt to stop confusion about wireless LAN interoperability. Also see the Wireless LAN Standards chart in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.
Wi-Fi was originally a brand licensed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe the embedded technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. As of 2007, common use of the term Wi-Fi has broadened to describe the generic wireless interface of mobile computing devices, such as laptops in LANs. The term Wi-Fi was chosen as a play on the term "Hi-Fi", and is often thought to be an abbreviation for wireless fidelity, though the Wi-Fi Alliance no longer recognizes such. Wi-Fi and the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo are registered trademarks of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the trade organization that tests and certifies equipment compliance with the 802.11 standards. Common uses for Wi-Fi include Internet and phone access, gaming, and network connectivity for consumer electronics such as televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras. In spite of media reports about possible health risks from Wi-Fi, scientific studies have failed to show a causal effect.
is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN will have one or more links to one or more other nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes onto a graph results in a geometrical shape that determines the physical topology of the network. Likewise, the mapping of the flow of data between the nodes in the network determines the logical topology of the network. It is important to note that the physical and logical topologies might be identical in any particular network but they also may be different. Any particular network topology is determined only by the graphical mapping of the configuration of physical and/or logical connections between nodes - Network Topology is, therefore, technically a part of graph theory. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ in two networks and yet their topologies may be identical.
UTP
Cabling This type of cable is very cheap to purchase and is flexible and easy to install. It is also used by other networking systems than Ethernet and may for instance be used to provide telephone lines to offices. The common of UTP cabling for many purpose eases installation and management of the cabling. Some types of twisted pair cables can be used for communications up to 10 Gbps.
Maximum Distance
Maximum cable lengh for ethernet depends on what kind of ethernet you are talking about! Here are some details on the most popular kinds of ethernet. (UTP = unshieldedt wisted fair)
Gigabit Ethernet (over copper), 1000baseT Speed: 1000 Mbps Max Len: 100 Meters Cable: UTP, RJ-45 connectors Fast Ethernet, 100baseT Speed: 100 Mbps Max Len: 100 Meters Cable: UTP, RJ-45 connectors Twisted Pair Ethernet, 10baseT Speed: 10 Mbps Max Len: 100 Meters Cable: UTP, RJ-45 connectors Thin Ethernet , 10 base 2 Speed: 10 Mbps Max Len: 185 Meters Cable: RG-58 type coax, 50 ohm impedance Thick Ethernet, 10 base 5 Speed: 10 Mbps Max Len: 500 Meters Cable: RG-58 type coax, 50 ohm impedance
<>> Cost-Effective, Carrier-Grade STPs >> Exceptional Flexibility - TDM, ATM and IP-Based SS7 Links >> Support Latest SIGTRAN Protocols >> Robust High Availability Platforms >> Network-Proven Solutions Traditionally, the costs associated with ownership and maintenance of a pair of STP nodes has been prohibitively expensive for all but the larger wireline and wireless service providers. Performance Technologies’ family of cost-effective, carrier-class SEGway™ STPs paves the way for service providers to finally take charge of their SS7 network and gain a competitive advantage as they look to grow their network and roll out new value-add services. SEGway STPs support any-to-any connectivity, (SS7, IP-SIGTRAN, ATM) for maximum flexibility. This flexibility protects a service provider’s investment by connecting existing and future nodes and applications to meet evolving telecommunication infrastructure requirements. SEGway systems are well-suited for deployment in both existing TDM and IP-based networks. Today’s networks are expanding exponentially to address the increase in traffic due to mobile services, network convergence, and new applications and SEGway solutions are built to scale to meet these needs. Our flexible approach to feature activation and capacity expansion ensures that SEGway products can easily adapt to the demands of the market without costly deployment of additional platforms.
Maximum Speed of STP
12 Mbps 1.5 Mbps Cable STP UTP Max. Cable length 5 meter 3 meter Connector A-Series or B-Series Max. amount of HUBs 5 Max. amount of units 127
Firewire
As shown in the diagram at the left, the standard Firewire cable actually consists of six wires. Data is sent via two separately-shielded twisted pair transmission lines. The two twisted pairs are crossed in each cable assembly to create a transmit-receive connection. Two more wires carry power (8 to 40 v, 1.5 a max.) to remote devices. Currently, these power lines are rarely used. The wires terminate in gameboy-style plugs, also shown at the left. Sony uses a 4 conductor cable for the connection to the DV camcorders and DVCRs. They are like the above mentioned setup, but without the power wires. They terminate in smaller, 4prong connectors. To connect a Sony DV camcorder or DVCR with a standard IEE1394 Firewire device or interface card, you need an adapter cable, 4prong on one side, 6 on the other. It simply connects the data lines while omitting the power connection. According to the standard, the IEEE 1394 "wire" is good for 400 Megabits per second over 4.5 meters. The standard cable uses 28 AWG signal pairs with 40 twist/meter. The power pair in the standard cable is 22 AWG. Longer cable runs can be achieved by using thicker cable or by lowering the bit rate. DV users, keep in mind that the signaling rate of the Sony DV camcorders is only 100 Megabit per second. Can it use longer cables? The answer is: Yes. Although way outside of the spec, several people have reported successful 100 Mbit/sec transmissions over more than 20 meters using standard cable. There are also reports of thicker cables being used to span lengths of 30 meters or more at 100 Megabit per second. If you are the adventurous type, you can try using unshielded twisted pair (UTP). Don't notify the FCC before doing this, and if your neighbors complain about strange stuff on their TV sets, stop the experiment. We even have received reports about someone who was running 100 Mb/s 1394 over 50 meters of Cat-5 UTP! According to lore, he ran isochronous video for several days without a single frame dropped due to errors.
FireWire Advantages
FireWire provides many advantages over other peripheral interconnection technologies. The cables are as simple to connect as a telephone cord--there is no need for screws or latches. And, unlike SCSI technology, FireWire is autoconfiguring--so it eliminates SCSI device ID conflicts and the need for terminators. FireWire is also a hot plug-and-play technology, which means that a device can be disconnected and then reconnected without the need to restart the computer. FireWire is fast--it can transfer digital data at 200 megabits per second, with a planned increase to 400 megabits per second and beyond. And, the FireWire technology supports expansion--up to 63 devices can be attached on the same FireWire bus. Finally, FireWire includes support for isochronous data transfer, which provides guaranteed bandwidth for real-time video and audio streams. Real-time data transfer for multimedia applications 100, 200, & 400Mbits/s data rates today; 800 Mbits/s and multi-Gbits/s upgrade path Live connection/disconnection without data loss or interruption Automatic configuration supporting "plug and play" Free form network tool allowing mixing branches and daisy-chains No separate line terminators required Guaranteed bandwidth assignments for real-time applications Common connectors for different devices and applications One of the most important uses of FireWire as the digital interface for consumer electronics and AV peripherals. FireWire is a peer-to-peer interface. This allows dubbing from one camcorder to another without a computer. It also allows multiple computers to share a given peripheral without any special support in the peripheral or the computers.
Optical Cable
Corporation is a leading manufacturer of fiber optic cables primarily sold into the enterprise market, and the premier manufacturer of military land tactical fiber optic cable for the U.S. military. Founded in 1983, Optical Cable Corporation pioneered the design and production of fiber optic cables for the most demanding military field applications, as well as fiber optic cables suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. The Company's current broad product offering is built on the evolution of these fundamental technologies, and is designed to provide end-users with fiber optic cables that are easy and economical to install, provide a high degree of reliability and offer outstanding performance characteristics. Optical Cable Corporation sells its products worldwide for uses ranging from commercial and campus installations to customized products for specialty applications and harsh environments, including military applications. The Company manufactures its high quality fiber optic cables at its ISO 9001:2000 registered facility located in Roanoke, Virginia.
Costs
Optical Cable BX04080DWLSA900O BX04-080D-WLSA-900-OFNR-04LC Item# BX04080DWLSA900O Regular Price: $420.95 Sale Cost: $396.
ROANOKE, Va., June 12 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Optical Cable Corporation (Nasdaq: OCCF) today announced financial results for its fiscal second quarter and the six months ended April 30, 2007. Second Quarter 2007 Financial Results Optical Cable reported net income of $65,000, or $0.01 per basic and diluted share for its second quarter ended April 30, 2007, as compared to a net loss of $309,000, or $0.05 per basic and diluted share for the same period last year. Net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 decreased 0.9% to $11.1 million, compared to net sales of $11.2 million for the comparable period last year. However, net sales for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 sequentially increased 20.0% compared to net sales of $9.3 million during the first quarter of fiscal 2007. Optical Cable's gross profit margin improved during the second quarter of fiscal 2007 compared to the same period last year. Gross profit margin for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 increased to 34.1%, compared to 30.3% for the second quarter of fiscal 2006. Also during the second quarter of fiscal year 2007, Optical Cable's manufacturing lead times decreased and its manufacturing efficiencies increased compared to the second quarter of 2006. These improvements are in part the result of Optical Cable's successful implementation of the major portions of its new enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system by the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2007. Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A expenses") for the second quarter of fiscal 2007 decreased 5.0% to $3.7 million compared to $3.9 million for the same period last year. Contributing to the net decrease in SG&A expenses for the second quarter were decreases in employee compensation costs.
Color Coding UTP
Use quality grade UTP Category 5/5e/6 networking cable, don't skimp on this. Shielded cable works also, but isn't necessary. Bulk cable comes in many types, there are 2 basic categories, solid and braided cable. Braided cable tends to work better in "patch" applications for desktop use. It is more flexible and resiliant than solid cable and easier to work with, but really meant for shorter lengths. Solid cable is meant for longer runs in a fixed position. Plenum rated cable should/must be used whenever the cable travels through an air circulation space. For example, above a false celing or below a raised floor. There are 8 color coded wires. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs of wires, each pair has a common color theme. One wire in the pair being a solid or primarily solid colored wire and the other being a primarily white wire with a colored stripe (Sometimes cheap cable doesnt have any color on the striped cable, the only way to tell is to check which other wire it is twisted around). Examples of the naming schemes used are: Orange (alternatively Orange/White) for the solid colored wire and White/Orange for the striped cable. The twists are extremely important. They are there to counteract noise and interference. It is important to wire according to a standard to get proper performance from the cable. The hardware expects the cable to have certain properties, a cable that does not fall within tolerance will cause errors and or failures. Besides, this maintains all your cables to the standards and makes it easy to find errors and cross-over cables. The standard for generic LAN telecommunications cabling is known as the TIA/EIA-568-A standard. It is chartered to include criteria for planning, installation, and performance metrics that will support a multivendor environment defining next-generation cabling such as Category 5E and Category 6, provide performance specifications for hybrid and bundled cables such as SpeedPull, and further define fiber usage including connectors, distances and 50 micron wavelengths. This standard also specifies two wiring standards for a 8-position modular connector (RJ45) that is used in UTP ethernet networks. The two wiring standards, T568A and T568B
Standard, Straight-Through Wiring (both ends are the same):568A RJ45 Pin # Wire Color Wire Diagram Signal* 1 White/Green Transmit+ 2 Green Transmit- 3 White/Orange
Receive+Cross-Over Cable: RJ45 Pin # (END 1) Wire Color Diagram End #1 1 White/Orange 2 Orange 3 White/Green 4 Blue 5 White/Blue 6 Green 7 White/Brown 8 Brown RJ45 Pin # (END 2) Wire Color Diagram End #2 1 White/Green 2 Green 3 White/Orange 4 Blue 5 White/Blue 6 Orange 7 White/Brown 8 Brown 4 Blue
Unused 5 White/Blue Unused 6 Orange Receive- 7 White/Brown Unused 8 Brown Unused
Procedure/steps of p'cs
Uninstall Existing Audio Software It's essential to wipe out every trace of your PC's existing sound software first. Go to Start, Settings, Control Panel, and choose Add/Remove Programs. Highlight the entry for the existing sound card software (if any) and click Add/Remove. Most sound card software will uninstall all files, drivers, and applications that relate to the sound card, but you might need to uninstall several different software components from the Add/Remove Programs list. If you can't find anything that relates to the sound card in the Add/Remove Programs list, check for uninstall options in the sound card software. 2. Change the Sound Card If your PC has its sound support built into the motherboard, you'll need to disable that sound support before you can install your new card. This is usually done through your PC's setup program or by setting a jumper on the motherboard. (Procedures vary; see your manual.) Power down your PC, unplug it from the wall, and remove the cover. Don an antistatic wrist strap and clip it to a grounded metal surface. Make sure you disconnect all cables connected to the sound card, both internal and external. (Keep track of which cable goes where.) Remove the screw holding the sound card, and remove the card. Locate a free PCI slot, carefully insert the new sound card, and fasten it down with a screw. 3. Hook Up the Equipment Now's the time to hook up the internal and external cables and peripherals to your new card. Shown here are typical connections for the Sound Blaster Live Platinum 5.1 card we installed. Other cards vary. Of course, your connections may be simple, such as just a speaker and microphone. Internal audio inputs are interchangeable; the TAD input, for example, can take sound from your TV tuner card.
Wi Fi
Short for wireless fidelity and is meant to be used generically when referring of any type of 802.11 network, whether 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, etc. The term is promulgated by the Wi-Fi Alliance. Any products tested and approved as "Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-Fi Alliance are certified as interoperable with each other, even if they are from different manufacturers. A user with a "Wi-Fi Certified" product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of client hardware that also is certified. Typically, however, any Wi-Fi product using the same radio frequency (for example, 2.4GHz for 802.11b or 11g, 5GHz for 802.11a) will work with any other, even if not "Wi-Fi Certified." Formerly, the term "Wi-Fi" was used only in place of the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, in the same way that "Ethernet" is used in place of IEEE 802.3. The Alliance expanded the generic use of the term in an attempt to stop confusion about wireless LAN interoperability. Also see the Wireless LAN Standards chart in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.
Wi-Fi was originally a brand licensed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe the embedded technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. As of 2007, common use of the term Wi-Fi has broadened to describe the generic wireless interface of mobile computing devices, such as laptops in LANs. The term Wi-Fi was chosen as a play on the term "Hi-Fi", and is often thought to be an abbreviation for wireless fidelity, though the Wi-Fi Alliance no longer recognizes such. Wi-Fi and the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo are registered trademarks of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the trade organization that tests and certifies equipment compliance with the 802.11 standards. Common uses for Wi-Fi include Internet and phone access, gaming, and network connectivity for consumer electronics such as televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras. In spite of media reports about possible health risks from Wi-Fi, scientific studies have failed to show a causal effect.
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